The key difference between a late talker and a child with autism lies in how they process and use language. Late talkers typically struggle with forming words but still use gestures or simple phrases for communication. Children with autism, however, may have difficulty with pragmatic language, meaning they can label objects but often don’t use words to functionally communicate. For an example, they can label shapes, animals, numbers, repeat TV shows, etc. But they cannot ask for a snack with words. Additionally, children with autism may process language in chunks or phrases (Gestalt Language Processing) and could have co-occurring speech disorders like apraxia, meaning they may not be able to use sounds to form words. It is important to know which your child may be, because the therapy techniques are very different.
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When it comes to speech and language development, one of the most important things parents need to understand is the difference between a typical language delay and how children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) process language. The earlier we understand this, the better it is for everyone—especially the child.
Understanding Language Delays
If your child isn’t speaking by 18 months, a pediatrician might suggest a speech/language evaluation. Some doctors may wait until 24 months, hoping the child will catch up. However, by age 2, it becomes a concern if a child isn’t using words to communicate functionally.
So, what does functional communication mean?
At 2-3 years old, children typically use language for several key reasons:
- Requesting: Asking for things (verbally: “eat,” “more,” or “cracker please”).
- Protesting: Saying “no” or “no please” to refuse something.
- Calling out: Saying “mama” or “dada” to get someone’s attention.
- Commenting: Pointing out things in their environment (e.g., “Look, bird!”).
- Greeting: Saying “hi” or “bye.”
A word is considered any consistent verbalization that has meaning. For instance, if your child says “guh” to refer to a dog and uses it consistently, that counts as a word.
Autism and Language Processing
Children with autism often struggle with pragmatic language—using language for these key functions. While some may be able to label objects like colors or shapes, they may not know how to use words to request or comment, which can be confusing for parents. For example, a child may know the word “cookie” but, instead of asking for it, they might point or cry when they want one.
Gestalt Language Processing in Autism
One reason for this difference is that many children with ASD are Gestalt Language Processors (GLP). Unlike most children who learn language word by word, kids with ASD may learn language in chunks or phrases, often mimicking TV shows or other phrases they hear. For example, a child might say “open please” to mean they want a toy from the cabinet, but they aren’t yet able to say “I want the puzzle.”
Therapy for these children needs to be adapted to break down phrases into meaningful words, focusing on understanding how they process language. Knowing whether your child is a GLP helps us tailor therapy to their unique needs.
Apraxia and Autism
Another significant factor to consider is that many children with ASD—up to 64% according to research—also haveapraxia of speech, a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for them to plan and produce speech sounds. It’s also estimated that 25-30% of children with ASD are minimally verbal or nonverbal, though most will eventually speak, with only 10-15% remaining nonverbal into adulthood.
Using AAC to Support Speech
If your 2-3 year old isn’t talking at all, it’s essential to introduce Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)early. AAC can include picture boards or speech-generating devices and has been proven to improve both language and speech outcomes in children with ASD. Contrary to popular belief, using AAC can actually enhance speech development—many children who use AAC tools go on to develop spoken language.
Late Talkers vs. Autism
What if your child is just a “late talker”? That’s a possibility, but by age 3, most late talkers are at least beginning to use some words. If your child is not speaking at all by this age, it could be due to autism, apraxia, or another neurological condition. Standard speech therapy techniques for late talkers—like pausing for them to initiate communication, imitating sounds, or using simple signs—may not work as effectively for children with ASD because they learn language differently.
The Importance of Early Diagnosis
For parents, understanding that your child might be on the autism spectrum can feel overwhelming. However, the sooner we acknowledge it, the sooner we can work together to provide the right resources, support, and therapies your child needs. Treating a child with ASD like a child with a simple language delay can be frustrating for everyone involved, especially the child.
Receiving an ASD diagnosis, or at least acknowledging that your child may process language differently, opens up doors to specialized support and therapies that can make a significant difference in their development. Remember, your child is still the same brilliant, empathetic, and amazing individual they’ve always been—an ASD diagnosis just helps us provide the best possible tools for their growth.
Moving Forward Together
In the end, children with autism are capable of incredible progress with the right support. While it can be difficult to face the possibility of an autism diagnosis, it ultimately leads to a better understanding of your child and how to help them thrive. Working together with therapists and specialists, we can create a path forward that embraces your child’s unique strengths and challenges, ensuring they reach their full potential.